FAQ

Category MOBLIE

trending    employment    politics    scandal    business

Category Desktop

trending            employment            politics            scandal            business

SPACE

 

Twitter Inc v Elon Musk

NATURE OF THE ACTION

 

In April 2022, Elon Musk entered into a binding merger agreement with Twitter, promising to use his best efforts to get the deal done. Now, less than three months later, Musk refuses to honor his obligations to Twitter and its stockholders because the deal he signed no longer serves his personal interests. Having mounted a public spectacle to put Twitter in play, and having proposed and then signed a seller-friendly merger agreement, Musk apparently believes that he unlike every other party subject to Delaware contract law is free to changehis mind, trash the company, disrupt its operations, destroy stockholder value, and

walk away. This repudiation follows a long list of material contractual breaches by Musk that have cast a pall over Twitter and its business. Twitter brings this action to enjoin Musk from further breaches, to compel Musk to fulfill his legal obligations, and to compel consummation of the merger upon satisfaction of the few outstanding conditions. Musk, the Chief Executive Officer of Tesla, Inc. and leader of SpaceXand other entities, opened a Twitter account in 2009. His presence on the Twitterplatform is ubiquitous. With over 100 million followers, Musks account is one of the most followed on Twitter, and he has Tweeted more than 18,000 times. He has also suggested he would consider starting his own company to compete with Twitter.On April 25, 2022, Musk, acting through and with his solely-owned entities, Parent and Acquisition Sub, agreed to buy Twitter for $54.20 per share in cash, for a total of about $44 billion. That price, presented by Musk on a take-it-or-leave-it basis in an unsolicited public offer, represented a 38% premium over Twitters unaffected share price. The other terms Musk offered and agreed to were, as he touted, seller friendly. There is no financing contingency and no diligence condition. The deal is backed by airtight debt and equity commitments.Musk has personally committed $33.5 billion.

After the merger agreement was signed, the market fell. As the Wall Street Journal reported recently, the value of Musks stake in Tesla, the anchor of his personal wealth, has declined by more than $100 billion from its November 2021 peak.So Musk wants out. Rather than bear the cost of the market downturn, as the merger agreement requires, Musk wants to shift it to Twitters stockholders. This is in keeping with the tactics Musk has deployed against Twitter and its stockholders since earlier this year, when he started amassing an undisclosed stake in the company and continued to grow his position without required notification. It tracks the disdain he has shown for the company that one would have expected Musk, as its would-be steward, to protect. Since signing the merger agreement, Musk has repeatedly disparaged Twitter and the deal, creating business risk for Twitter and downward pressure on its share price.Musks exit strategy is a model of hypocrisy. One of the chief reasons Musk cited on March 31, 2022 for wanting to buy Twitter was to rid it of the [c]rypto spam he viewed as a major blight on the user experience. Musk said he needed to take the company private because, according to him, purging spam would otherwise be commercially impractical. In his press release announcing the deal on April 25, 2022, Musk raised a clarion call to defeat[] the spam bots. But when the market declined and the fixed-price deal became less attractive,

Musk shifted his narrative, suddenly demanding verification that spam was not a serious problem on Twitters platform, and claiming a burning need to conduct diligence he had expressly forsworn. Musks strategy is also a model of bad faith. While pretending to exercise the narrow right he has under the merger agreement to information for consummation of the transaction, Musk has been working furiously albeit fruitlessly to try to show that the company he promised to buy and not disparagehas made material misrepresentations about its business to regulators and investors. He has also asserted, falsely, that consummation of the merger depends on the results of his fishing expedition and his ability to secure debt financing. On July 8, 2022, a little over a month after first using bad-faith pursuit of spam-related evidence to assert a baseless claim of breach, Musk gave Twitter notice purporting to terminate the merger agreement. The notice alleges three grounds for termination: (i) purported breach of information-sharing and cooperation covenants; (ii) supposed materially inaccurate representations in the merger agreement that allegedly are reasonably likely to result in a Company Material Adverse Effect; and (iii) purported failure to comply with the ordinary course covenant by terminating certain employees, slowing hiring, and failing to retain key personnel. These claims are pretexts and lack any merit. Twitter has abided by

its covenants, and no Company Material Adverse Effect has occurred or is reasonably likely to occur. Musk, by contrast, has been acting against this deal since the market started turning, and has breached the merger agreement repeatedly in the process. He has purported to put the deal on hold pending satisfaction of imaginary conditions, breached his financing efforts obligations in the process, violated his obligations to treat requests for consent reasonably and to provide information about financing status, violated his non-disparagement obligation, misused confidential information, and otherwise failed to employ required efforts to consummate the acquisition. Twitter is entitled to specific performance of defendants obligations under the merger agreement and to secure for Twitter stockholders the benefit of Musks bargain. Musk and his entities should be enjoined from further breaches, ordered to comply with their obligations to work toward satisfying the few closingconditions, and ordered to close upon satisfaction of those conditions.

TWTR | None | None | None

original complaint

conformed filed complaint. lawoo
provides users the filed copy to
verify the accuracy of all public
information made “more public”. for
more information please contact us.




<br /> Microsoft Word – 10238338_1.docx<br />







IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

TWITTER, INC.,

Plaintiff,

v.

ELON R. MUSK, X HOLDINGS I, INC.,

and X HOLDINGS II, INC.,

Defendants

.

C.A. No. _____________


VERIFIED COMPLAINT

Plaintiff Twitter, Inc. (“Twitterâ€), by and through its undersigned counsel, as

and  for  its  complaint  against  defendants  Elon  R.  Musk,  X  Holdings  I,  Inc.

(“Parentâ€), and X Holdings II, Inc. (“Acquisition Subâ€), alleges as follows:


NATURE OF THE ACTION

1.

In  April  2022,  Elon  Musk  entered  into  a  binding  merger  agreement

with Twitter, promising to use his best efforts to get the deal done.  Now, less than

three  months  later,  Musk  refuses  to  honor  his  obligations  to  Twitter  and  its

stockholders  because  the  deal  he  signed  no  longer  serves  his  personal  interests.

Having mounted a public spectacle to put Twitter in play, and having proposed and

then signed a seller-friendly merger agreement, Musk apparently believes that he

— unlike every other party subject to Delaware contract law — is free to change

his mind, trash the company, disrupt its operations, destroy stockholder value, and


EFiled:  Jul 12 2022 04:11PM EDT

Transaction ID 67812653

Case No. 2022-0613-



-2-

walk away.  This repudiation follows a long list of material contractual breaches by

Musk that have cast a pall over Twitter and its business.  Twitter brings this action

to  enjoin  Musk  from  further  breaches, to  compel  Musk  to  fulfill  his  legal

obligations,  and  to  compel  consummation  of  the  merger  upon  satisfaction  of  the

few outstanding conditions.

2.

Musk, the Chief Executive Officer of Tesla, Inc. and leader of SpaceX

and other entities, opened a Twitter account in 2009.  His presence on the Twitter

platform is ubiquitous.  With over 100 million followers, Musk’s account is one of

the most followed on Twitter, and he has Tweeted more than 18,000 times.  He has

also  suggested  he  would  consider  starting  his  own  company  to  compete  with

Twitter.

3.

On April 25, 2022, Musk, acting through and with his solely-owned

entities, Parent and Acquisition Sub, agreed to buy Twitter for $54.20 per share in

cash, for a total of about $44 billion.

4.

That  price,  presented  by  Musk  on  a  take-it-or-leave-it  basis in  an

unsolicited  public  offer, represented  a  38% premium  over  Twitter’s  unaffected

share price.  The other terms Musk offered and agreed to were, as he touted, “seller

friendly.â€Â There is no financing contingency and no diligence condition. The deal

is  backed  by  airtight  debt  and  equity  commitments.

Musk  has  personally

committed $33.5 billion.



-3-

5.

After the merger agreement was signed, the market fell.  As the

Wall


Street Journal

reported recently, the value of Musk’s stake in Tesla, the anchor of

his  personal  wealth, has declined  by  more  than  $100  billion  from  its  November

2021 peak.

6.

So  Musk  wants  out.    Rather  than  bear  the  cost of  the  market

downturn,  as  the merger  agreement  requires,  Musk  wants  to  shift  it  to  Twitter’s

stockholders.    This  is  in  keeping  with  the  tactics  Musk  has  deployed  against

Twitter  and  its  stockholders  since  earlier  this  year,  when  he  started  amassing  an

undisclosed  stake  in  the  company  and  continued  to  grow  his  position  without

required notification. It tracks the disdain he has shown for the company that one

would have expected Musk, as its would-be steward, to protect. Since signing the

merger agreement, Musk has repeatedly disparaged Twitter and the deal, creating

business risk for Twitter and downward pressure on its share price.

7.

Musk’s exit strategy is a model of hypocrisy.  One of the chief reasons

Musk  cited  on  March  31,  2022  for  wanting  to  buy Twitter  was  to  rid  it  of  the

“[c]rypto spamâ€Â he viewed as a “major blight on the user experience.â€Â Â Musk said

he needed to take the company private because, according to him, purging spam

would otherwise be commercially impractical.  In his press release announcing the

deal  on  April  25,  2022,  Musk  raised  a  clarion  call  to  “defeat[]  the  spam  bots.â€

But when  the  market  declined  and  the fixed-price deal  became  less  attractive,



-4-

Musk shifted his narrative, suddenly demanding “verificationâ€Â that spam was

not

a

serious  problem  on  Twitter’s  platform,  and  claiming  a  burning  need to  conduct

“diligence†he had expressly forsworn.

8.

Musk’s strategy  is  also  a  model  of  bad  faith.    While pretending  to

exercise  the narrow  right  he  has  under  the  merger  agreement  to  information  for

“consummation  of  the  transaction,â€Â Musk  has  been  working  furiously  — albeit

fruitlessly — to try to show that the company he promised to buy and not disparage

has made material misrepresentations about its business to regulators and investors.

He  has  also asserted,  falsely,  that  consummation  of  the  merger  depends  on  the

results of his fishing expedition and his ability to secure debt financing.

9.

On July 8, 2022, a little over a month after first using bad-faith pursuit

of spam-related evidence to assert a baseless claim of breach, Musk gave Twitter

notice  purporting  to  terminate  the  merger  agreement.    The  notice  alleges  three

grounds  for  termination:  (i) purported  breach  of  information-sharing  and

cooperation covenants; (ii) supposed “materially inaccurate representationsâ€Â in the

merger  agreement  that  allegedly  are  “reasonably  likely  to  result  inâ€Â a  Company

Material  Adverse  Effect;  and  (iii)  purported  failure  to  comply  with  the  ordinary

course  covenant  by  terminating  certain  employees,  slowing  hiring,  and  failing  to

retain key personnel.

10.

These claims are pretexts and lack any merit.  Twitter has abided by



-5-

its  covenants,  and  no  Company Material  Adverse  Effect has  occurred or  is

reasonably  likely to  occur.  Musk,  by  contrast,  has  been  acting  against this  deal

since the market started turning, and has breached the merger agreement repeatedly

in the process.  He has purported to put the deal on “holdâ€Â pending satisfaction of

imaginary  conditions,  breached  his  financing efforts obligations  in  the  process,

violated his  obligations to  treat  requests  for  consent  reasonably and  to  provide

information  about  financing  status,  violated  his non-disparagement  obligation,

misused confidential information, and otherwise failed to employ required efforts

to consummate the acquisition.

11.

Twitter is entitled to specific performance of defendants’ obligations

under the merger agreement and to secure for Twitter stockholders the benefit of

Musk’s bargain. Musk and his entities should be enjoined from further breaches,

ordered to comply with their obligations to work toward satisfying the few closing

conditions, and ordered to close upon satisfaction of those conditions.


THE PARTIES

12.

Plaintiff  Twitter,  Inc. is  a  Delaware  corporation  headquartered  in

San Francisco,  California that owns  and  operates  a  global  platform  for  real-time

self-expression and conversation.

13.

Defendant  Elon  R.  Musk is  a  sophisticated  entrepreneur who  owns

approximately 9.6% of Twitter’s stock.  He is the CEO of Tesla and leads SpaceX,



-6-

among other entities he founded or co-founded.  Musk is referred to in the merger

agreement as Equity Investor, and is the President, Secretary, Treasurer, and sole

shareholder of  both  Parent  and  Acquisition  Sub.

Musk  signed  the  merger

agreement on behalf of both Parent and Acquisition Sub, and agreed to be a party

to  the  agreement  in  his  individual  capacity  as  Equity  Investor  with  respect  to

several “Specified Provisions.† Ex. 1, Preamble.

14.

Defendant  X  Holdings  I,  Inc., or  Parent, is  a  Delaware  corporation

formed  on  April  19,  2022  solely  for  the  purpose  of  engaging  in,  and  arranging

financing for, the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement.

15.

Defendant  X  Holdings  II,  Inc., or  Acquisition  Sub, is  a  Delaware

corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent.  Acquisition Sub was formed

on April 19, 2022 solely for the purpose of engaging in, and arranging financing

for, the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement.


JURISDICTION

16.

This  Court  has  subject  matter  jurisdiction  under 10

Del.  C.

§ 341,

8

Del. C.

§ 111(a), and 6

Del. C

. § 2708.

17.

Personal  jurisdiction  over  Parent  and  Acquisition  Sub  is  proper

because  both  are  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  Delaware  and  consented  to

jurisdiction  by  agreeing  to  “expressly  and  irrevocably  submit[]  to  the  exclusive

personal  jurisdiction  of  the  Delaware  Court  of  Chancery  . . .  in  the  event  any



-7-

dispute  arises out of [the  merger agreement] or the  transactions  contemplated by

[the merger agreement].â€Â Ex. 1 § 9.10(a).

18.

Personal  jurisdiction  over  Musk  is  proper  pursuant  to  10

Del.  C.

§ 3104(c)(1) because, among other things, (a) Musk formed Parent and Acquisition

Sub, both Delaware corporations wholly owned by Musk, for the sole purpose of

acquiring  Twitter,  a  Delaware  corporation;  and  (b)  Musk  agreed  to  undertake

“reasonable  best  effortsâ€Â to  consummate  the  contemplated  transaction,  including

by  causing  Parent  and  Acquisition  Sub  to  deliver  a  Certificate  of  Merger  to  the

Delaware Secretary of State.

Id.

§§ 2.3(a), 6.3(a).


FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS


I.


Musk sets his sights on Twitter

19.

Musk is active on Twitter’s platform and has expressed a keen interest

in the use and inherent potential of the platform.  Starting in January 2022, Musk

began purchasing Twitter stock.  By March 14, 2022, he had secretly accumulated

a  substantial  position — about  5%  of  the  company’s  outstanding  shares.    SEC

regulations  required  that  he  disclose  that  position  no  later  than  March  24,  2022.

Musk failed to disclose, and instead kept amassing Twitter stock with the market

none  the  wiser.    By  April  1,  2022,  Musk had  accumulated  about  9.1%  of  the

company’s  outstanding  shares,  still  in  secret.    Not  until April  4,  2022 did  Musk

finally  disclose  his  holdings,  which  made  him  Twitter’s  largest  stockholder.



-8-

Twitter’s  stock  price  jumped  27% upon  the  disclosure.    Between  March  24  and

April 4, over 112 million Twitter shares traded in ignorance of Musk’s mounting

ownership.

20.

Meanwhile,  on  March  26,  2022,  Musk  spoke  with  two Twitter

directors, Jack Dorsey and Egon Durban, about the future of social media and the

prospect of Musk’s joining the Twitter board.  Soon after, Musk told Twitter CEO

Parag  Agrawal and  Twitter  board  chair  Bret  Taylor that  he had  in  mind  three

options  relative  to  Twitter:  join  its  board,  take  the  company  private,  or  start  a

competitor.

21.

Musk  would  repeat  this  statement  over  the  coming  days.    His

contemplation of building a rival platform to Twitter was not a secret.  On March

26, 2022, he had Tweeted that he was giving “serious thought†to the idea.

22.

In early April, after further discussion among Musk, Agrawal, Taylor,

and Twitter director Martha Lane Fox, chair of Twitter’s nominating and corporate

governance  committee, the  Twitter  board  evaluated Musk’s  candidacy  as  a

director.  Having considered, among other things, Musk’s interest in the platform,

his  technical  expertise,  and  the  perspectives  he  could  bring,  the  board  offered

Musk  the  position  on  April  3.    Musk accepted,  the  parties  signed  a  letter

agreement, and the agreement was announced on April 5.

23.

Not a week later, Musk abruptly changed tack.  On April 9, the day



-9-

his appointment to the board was to become effective, Musk told Twitter he would

not join the board.  Instead, he would offer to buy the company.


II.


Musk offers to buy Twitter

24.

On April 13 — four days after reversing course on the board seat —

Musk texted Taylor that he planned to make an offer to acquire all of Twitter.  His

unsolicited offer, conveyed by letter later that day, was accompanied by a threat:

I  am  offering  to  buy  100%  of  Twitter  for  $54.20  per

share  in  cash,  a  54%  premium  over  the  day  before  I

began investing in Twitter and a 38% premium over the

day before my investment was publicly announced.  My

offer is my best and final offer and if it is not accepted, I

would need to reconsider my position as a shareholder.

25.

The  following  day,  on  April  14,  Musk announced  his  offer  publicly

and  noted  that  it  was  conditioned  on  customary  business  due  diligence  and

financing.    At  a  public event  the  same  day,  Musk  — whose  enormous  personal

wealth  exceeds  the  capital  of  most public  companies  — boasted that  he  could

“technically afford†to purchase Twitter outright.

26.

Also on April 14, the Twitter board met to discuss Musk’s proposal.

It established a transactions committee composed of independent directors Taylor,

Lane Fox, and Patrick Pichette to evaluate the proposal, oversee negotiations, and

explore  strategic  alternatives.    The  board  was  assisted  in  its  review  by Goldman

Sachs and J.P. Morgan as financial advisors, and Simpson Thacher as independent

counsel.



-10-

27.

Faced with Musk’s rapid accumulation of Twitter stock and take-it-or-

leave-it  offer,  and  concerned  that  he  might  launch  a  hostile  tender  offer without

notice,  the  board adopted a  customary  shareholder  rights  plan to  protect  its

stockholders from “coercive or otherwise unfair takeover tactics.â€Â Â The board took

this action to reduce the likelihood of a takeover without payment of an appropriate

control  premium  and  to  ensure  that  the  board  had  sufficient  time  to  make  an

informed judgment on Musk’s or any other offer.  Under the rights plan’s terms, a

single  investor or  group’s  acquisition  of  more than  15%  of  the  company’s

outstanding  common  stock  without  board  approval  gives other  stockholders  the

opportunity to acquire additional stock at a considerable discount.  The plan was

adopted and announced on April 15, 2022.

28.

The board’s concerns proved well-grounded.  Musk began making all-

too-obvious public references to a hostile tender offer:

29.

At the same time, Musk worked to strengthen  the offer he had made

and might make by tender.  By April 20, he had personally committed $21 billion

in  equity financing and  lined  up  $25.5 billion  of  committed  debt  financing,  with



-11-

$12.5 billion of that secured by his Tesla stock.

30.

Having obtained these commitments, Musk announced in an April 21,

2022 securities  filing that  his  offer  was  no  longer  conditioned  on  financing or

subject to due diligence:

At the time of delivery, the Proposal was also subject to

the  completion  of  financing  and  business  due  diligence,

but it is no longer subject to financing as a result of the

Reporting Person’s receipt of the financing commitments

. . . and is no longer subject to business due diligence.

Musk  proclaimed  himself prepared  to  begin  negotiations  “immediately,â€Â Â and

confirmed he was “exploring whether to commence a tender offer.â€

31.

On  Saturday,  April  23,  2022,  Musk  asked  to  speak  with  Twitter

representatives  about  his  offer.    At  the  direction  of  the  transactions committee,

Taylor engaged with Musk, who reiterated that his offer was “best and finalâ€Â and

threatened once again to take it to Twitter’s stockholders directly if the board did

not engage immediately.

32.

The  following  day,  on  Sunday,  April  24,  2022,  Musk  tried  again  to

force Twitter’s hand. He delivered a letter to the board repeating that his $54.20

per share offer was “best and final,â€Â threatening once more to sell all of his shares

if  his  bid  were  rejected,  and  saying he  would  propose a  “seller friendlyâ€Â Â merger

agreement  to  be  signed before  the  market  opened  the  next  day.    Musk’s counsel

sent over a draft agreement, reiterated that Musk’s offer was not contingent on any



-12-

due  diligence, and  underscored  that  the  form  of  the  proposed  agreement  was

“intended to make this easy on all to get to a deal asap.â€

33.

The agreement was negotiated through the night and, in the process,

became even more seller-friendly.  Among the provisions not contained in Musk’s

proposal but included  at Twitter’s  insistence were an undertaking  by  defendants,

including Musk, to “take or cause to be taken . . . all actions and to do, or cause to

be done, all things necessary, proper or advisableâ€Â to obtain the financing (already

committed) to consummate the transaction, Ex. 1 § 6.10(a); a clear disclaimer of

any  financing  condition to  closing,

id.

§ 6.10(f);  and  a  right  on Twitter’s part  to

request and promptly receive updates from Musk about his progress in obtaining

financing,

id.

§ 6.10(d).    These  provisions ensured  that  financing  would  be  no

obstacle to closing and that the company would have the right to stay informed of

Musk’s progress in arranging his financing.

34.

Twitter also negotiated for itself a right to hire and fire employees at

all  levels,  including executives,  without  having  to  seek  Musk’s  consent.

Musk’s initial  draft  of  the  merger  agreement  would  have  deemed  the  hiring  and

firing  of  an  employee  at  the  level  of  vice  president  or  above  a presumptive

violation  of  the  ordinary  course  covenant absent  Musk’s  consent.    Twitter

successfully struck that provision before signing.

35.

Twitter  further  negotiated  to  narrow  the  circumstances  under  which



-13-

defendants  could  escape  the  deal  by  claiming  a  “Company  Material  Adverse

Effect.â€Â Â Â Â In  addition  to  excluding,  for  example, market-wide  and industry-wide

effects  and  circumstances  and declines  in  stock  price  and  financial  performance,

the final definition excluded matters relating to or resulting from Musk’s identity

or communications, “performanceâ€Â of the agreement, and any matter disclosed by

Twitter  in  its  SEC  filings  other  than  the “Risk  Factorsâ€Â Â and  “Forward-Looking

Statementsâ€Â sections of those disclosures.

Id.

Art. I.

36.

Finally,  and  critically,  Twitter  negotiated  for  itself a  robust right  to

demand specific performance of the agreement’s terms that encompassed the right

to  compel  defendants  to  close  the  deal,  and  ensured  that  Musk  personally  was

bound by that provision (among others).

Id.

§ 9.9(a)-(b), Preamble.

37.

At  a  board  meeting  on  April  25,  2022,  Goldman  Sachs  and

J.P. Morgan  each  presented  their  fairness  opinions,  and  the  board  discussed  the

agreement.  The board ultimately approved the merger agreement and decided to

recommend stockholder approval, both because the price was fair to stockholders

and  because  the  merger  agreement  promised a  high  level  of  closing  certainty.

Twitter  had  taken  Musk’s  claimed  “seller  friendlyâ€Â Â draft  agreement  and  secured

other key concessions to make it even more so.  Not only were there no financing

or  diligence  conditions,  but  Musk  had  already  secured  debt  commitments  that

together with his personal equity commitment would suffice to fund the purchase.



-14-

38.

Twitter had been buffeted by Musk’s reversals before.  For the benefit

of  stockholders and  employees,  the  board needed assurance that  this  agreement

would stick.  It received that assurance in the terms it was able to negotiate.


III.


The final, agreed-upon deal terms

39.

The  terms  of  the  transaction  are  governed  by  the  merger  agreement

executed on April 25, 2022.

40.

Under  the  agreement,  at  closing,  Acquisition  Sub  will  merge  into

Twitter, and Twitter will continue as a private corporation owned by Musk through

his wholly  owned  shell companies.   Twitter stockholders will  receive $54.20 per

share in  cash,  and  the  company’s  common  stock  will  be  delisted  from  the  New

York Stock Exchange.


A.


Closing Conditions

41.

The  conditions  to  closing  are  few.    The  transaction  is  subject  to  a

majority  vote  of  Twitter’s  stockholders  and  to  specified regulatory  approvals.


Id.

§ 7.1.  The  deal  is  also  conditioned  on  the  non-occurrence  of  a  Company

Material  Adverse  Effect that  is  continuing  at  the  time  of  closing.

Id.

§ 7.2(c).

The agreement contains various representations by Twitter, including that its SEC

filings  since  January  1,  2022,  at  the  time  filed  or  at  the  time  amended  or

supplemented, are complete and accurate in all material respects, fairly depict the

financial condition of the company in all material respects, and were prepared in



-15-

accordance with GAAP.

Id.

§ 4.6.  Any inaccuracy in these representations does

not  excuse  closing  unless  it rises  to  the  level  of a  Company  Material  Adverse

Effect.

Id.

§ 7.2(b).

42.

Company Material Adverse Effect is defined as:

any  change,  event,  effect  or  circumstance which,

individually or in the aggregate, has resulted in or would

reasonably  be  expected  to result  in  a  material  adverse

effect  on  the  business,  financial  condition  or  results  of

operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as

a whole . . . .


Id.

Art.  I.    As  one  would  expect  with  a “seller  friendlyâ€Â Â merger  agreement,  the

contract  identifies numerous  changes,  events,  and  circumstances  expressly

excluded from the determination of whether a Company Material Adverse Effect

has occurred:

[C]hanges,  events,  effects  or  circumstances  which,

directly or indirectly, to the extent they relate to or result

from the following shall be excluded from, and not taken

into  account in, the determination of  Company  Material

Adverse Effect:

(i)  any  condition,  change,  effect  or  circumstance

generally  affecting  any  of  the  industries  or  markets  in

which the Company or its Subsidiaries operate;

. . .

(iii) general economic, regulatory or political conditions

(or changes therein) or conditions (or changes therein) in

the  financial,  credit  or  securities  markets  (including

changes  in  interest  or  currency  exchange  rates)  in  the

United States or any other country or region in the world;



-16-

. . .

(iv)

the

negotiation,

execution,

announcement,

performance,  consummation  or  existence  of  this

Agreement  or  the  transactions  contemplated  by  this

Agreement,  including  (A)  by  reason  of  the  identity  of

Elon  Musk,  Parent  or  any  of  their  Affiliates  or  their

respective  financing  sources,  or  any  communication  by

Parent or any of its Affiliates or their respective financing

sources, including regarding their plans or intentions with

respect to the conduct of the business of the Company or

any  of  its  Subsidiaries  and  (B)  any  litigation,  claim  or

legal  proceeding  threatened  or  initiated  against  Parent,

Acquisition Sub, the Company or any of their respective

Affiliates, officers or directors, in each case, arising out

of  or  relating  to  the  this  Agreement  or  the  transactions

contemplated  by  this  Agreement,  and  including  the

impact of any of the foregoing on any relationships with

customers,  suppliers,  vendors,  collaboration  partners,

employees, unions or regulators;

. . .

(viii) any changes in the market price or trading volume

of  the  Company  Common  Stock,  any  failure  by  the

Company or its Subsidiaries to meet internal, analysts’ or

other  earnings  estimates  or  financial  projections  or

forecasts for any period, any changes in credit ratings and

any  changes  in  analysts’  recommendations  or  ratings

with  respect  to  the  Company  or  any  of  its  Subsidiaries

(provided that  the  facts  or  occurrences  giving  rise  to  or

contributing  to  such  changes  or  failure  that  are  not

otherwise  excluded  from  the  definition  of  “Company

Material  Adverse  Effectâ€Â Â may  be  taken  into  account  in

determining whether there has been a Company Material

Adverse Effect); and

(ix)  any  matter  disclosed  in  the  Company  SEC

Documents filed by the Company prior to the date of this

Agreement (other than any disclosures set forth under the



-17-

headings

“Risk

Factorsâ€

or

“Forward-Looking

Statementsâ€).


Id.

43.

The  parties  thus  agreed  that  any  circumstance  affecting  the  market

generally  or  other  social  media  companies  would  not  excuse  defendants  from

closing.  Nor would any circumstance arising from the existence or performance of

the agreement, or from any communication by Musk, “including the impact of any

of the foregoingâ€Â on any of Twitter’s relationships with, among others, customers.

Likewise,  matters that  Twitter  disclosed in  sections  of its  SEC  filings other than

the “Risk Factorsâ€Â and “Forward-Looking Statementsâ€Â sections cannot constitute a

Company  Material  Adverse  Effect.

And  Twitter’s  failure  to  meet  financial

projections  will not excuse  closing  unless  that  failure  results from  an occurrence

independently  qualifying  as  a  Company  Material  Adverse  Effect (taking  into

account all of the express exclusions).

44.

The  agreement  also  makes  clear  that  financing is not  a  condition  to

closing:

Notwithstanding anything contained in this Agreement to

the contrary, the Equity Investor, Parent and Acquisition

Sub  each  acknowledge  and  affirm  that  it  is  not  a

condition to the Closing or to any of its obligations under

this  Agreement  that  the  Equity  Investor,  Parent,

Acquisition Sub and/or any of their respective Affiliates

obtain  any  financing  (including  the  Debt  Financing)  for

any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.



-18-


Id.

§ 5.4;

see also id.

§ 6.10(f).

45.

Nor  is  there  any  diligence  condition.    Indeed,  each  of  Parent  and

Acquisition  Sub represents that  it  “conducted,  to  its  satisfaction,  its  own

independent  investigation,  review  and  analysis  of  the  business,  results  of

operations, prospects, condition (financial or otherwise) or assets of the Company

and  its  Subsidiaries,â€Â and  that,  in  determining  to  proceed  with  the  merger,  each

“relied  solely  on  the  results  of  its  own  independent  review  and  analysis  and  the

covenants,  representations  and  warranties  of  the  Companyâ€Â Â in  the  merger

agreement.

Id.

§ 5.11.    Parent  and  Acquisition  Sub  further  acknowledge  that

“neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries, nor any other Person, makes or

has  made  or  is  making  any  express  or  implied  representation  or  warranty  with

respect  to  the  Company  or  any of  its  Subsidiaries  or their  respective  business  or

operations, in each case, other than those expressly given solely by the Company in

Article IV,†and they represent that in agreeing to the merger they were not relying

on  “any  express  or  implied  representation  or  warranty,  or  the  accuracy  or  the

completeness of the representations and warranties†in the merger agreement about

Twitter and its business and its operations “other than those expressly given solely

by the Company in Article IV.â€

Id.



-19-


B.


Efforts Covenants

46.

The  agreement  requires  all parties,  including  Musk,  to  use  their

“reasonable  best  effortsâ€Â Â to  consummate  the  merger  and  cause  all  of  the  closing

conditions to be satisfied.

Id.

§ 6.3(a).

47.

Defendants, including Musk, have a “hell-or-high-water†obligation to

close on their financing commitments for the transaction.  They must:

take, or cause to be taken, all actions and . . . do, or cause

to  be  done,  all  things  necessary,  proper or  advisable  to

arrange, obtain and consummate the Financing at or prior

to the Closing on the terms and subject to the conditions

set  forth  in  the  Financing  Commitments  (including  any

“flexâ€Â provisions). . . .


Id.

§ 6.10(a).  More specifically, Musk and Parent have an unconditional obligation

to “take (or cause to be taken) all actions, and do (or cause to be done) all things

necessary,  proper  or  advisable  to  obtain  the  Equity  Financing,â€Â Â which  includes,

among  other  things,  Musk’s  funding  of  his  personal equity  commitment  at  or

before closing.

Id.

§ 6.10(e).


C.


Information Sharing

48.

The merger agreement requires the parties to share certain information

with one another in the run-up to closing.

49.

Defendants, including Musk, are required to keep Twitter “reasonably

informed on a current basis of the status of [their] efforts to arrange and finalize the

Financingâ€Â Â and  to  “promptly  provide  and  respond  to  any  updates  reasonably



-20-

requested  by  the  Company  with  respect  to  the  statusâ€Â Â of  those  efforts.


Id.

§ 6.10(d)(iv)-(v).    For  its  part,  Twitter  is  required  to  use  its  “commercially

reasonable  best  effortsâ€Â Â to  assist  defendants  with  arranging  financing,  but  that

obligation  is  qualified: Twitter  need  not  “prepare  or  provide  any  financial

statements  or  other financial  informationâ€Â Â other  than  the  financial  information

provided to the SEC, nor provide any “other information that is not available to the

Company  without  undue  effort  or  expense.â€

Id.

§ 6.11(a). Moreover, Twitter’s

obligations  under  Section  6.11 are  its  “sole  obligation  .  .  .  with  respect  to

cooperation  in  connection  with  the  arrangement  of  any  financing,â€Â Â and  Twitter

may  be  considered  to  have breached  the  provision  only  if  a  failure  by  Parent  to

obtain  the  committed  debt  financing  is  “due  solely  to  a  deliberate  action  or

omission  taken  or  omitted  to  be  taken  by  the  Company  in  material  breach  of  its

obligations.â€

Id.

50.

Subject  to  certain  conditions,  including  entry  into  a  confidentiality

agreement, Twitter must provide Parent and its advisors with “reasonable accessâ€

to  information  about  its  “business,  properties  and  personnelâ€Â Â as  defendants

“reasonablyâ€Â Â request.

Id.

§ 6.4.    The  information  requested  must  be  for  a

“reasonable  business  purpose


related  to  the  consummation  of  the  transactions



contemplated by this Agreement


.â€

Id.

(emphasis added). In addition, Twitter can

decline  a  request  if  in  its  “reasonable  judgmentâ€Â Â it  determines  that  compliance



-21-

would  “cause  significant  competitive harm  to  the  Company  or  its  Subsidiaries  if

the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are not consummatedâ€Â or would

“violate  applicable  Law,â€Â Â including  privacy  laws.

Id.

Parent  cannot  use  the

information  obtained  “for  any  competitive  or  other  purpose  unrelated  to  the

consummation  of  the  transactions  contemplated  by  th[e]  Agreement.â€

Id.

And

Parent must use its “reasonable best efforts to minimize any disruption toâ€Â Twitter

“that may result from requests for access.â€

Id.


D.


Ordinary Course Covenant

51.

The  agreement  contains  a  seller-friendly ordinary  course  covenant,

requiring  Twitter  to  use no  more  than  “its  commercially  reasonable  effortsâ€Â to

“conduct the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries in the ordinary course

of businessâ€Â unless, among other things, an action outside the ordinary course is

“agreed to in writing by Parent (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld,

delayed or conditioned).â€

Id.

§ 6.1.  There is no requirement of compliance with

“past  practice.â€Â Â Â Â And,  as  noted,  before  the  agreement  was  signed,  Twitter

succeeded in striking from the covenant a requirement to obtain Parent’s consent

for the hiring and firing of employees.


E.


Public Statements and Non-Disparagement

52.

Section  6.8  of  the  agreement  contains  standard  language  requiring

each side to consult with the other before issuing certain public statements, as well



-22-

as negotiated  language  concerning  Musk’s  ability  to  Tweet  about  the  merger.

Under  the  provision,  Musk may  so  Tweet only  “so  long  as  such  Tweets  do  not

disparage the Company or any of its Representatives.â€

Id.

§ 6.8.


F.


Termination

53.

Defendants’ ability to terminate the agreement before the presumptive

drop-dead  date  of  October  24,  2022 is extremely  limited  and carefully

circumscribed.    While  there  are  closing  conditions  related  to  the  accuracy  of

Twitter’s  representations  and warranties  and to  Twitter’s  compliance  with  its

covenants,  there  is  no  right  for  defendants  to  terminate  unless  there  is a  breach

sufficiently  significant  to  cause  failure  of  a  closing  condition,  which,  after  due

notice, is either incapable of being cured or is not cured within 30 days after such

notice.

Id.

§ 8.1(d).   Defendants have no  right to  terminate, moreover, if  any  of

them are in material breach of their own obligations under the agreement.

Id.


G.


Specific Performance

54.

Twitter  may  seek specific  performance,  an  injunction,  or  other

equitable  relief to  enforce  any  of  defendants’  obligations  under  the  merger

agreement.

Id.

§ 9.9(a).  It  has  the  specific  power  to  compel  Musk to  fund  the

equity financing and close the merger, provided the closing conditions are met (or

are  capable  of  being  met  at  the  time  of  closing),  the  debt  financing  (which  is

already committed) has been or will be funded at the closing, and the company is



-23-

itself prepared to close.

Id.

§ 9.9(b).


IV.


The financing structure

55.

At  the  time  of  signing,  the  financing  for  the  transaction  had  three

components: loans to the post-closing Twitter, a personal loan on margin to Musk

(against his Tesla stock), and an equity commitment from Musk himself.

56.

The  loans to  Twitter,  of  up  to  $13  billion in  the  aggregate, are

promised  by  Morgan  Stanley  Senior  Funding,  Inc.  and  other  lenders  in  a  debt

commitment  letter  dated  April  25,  2022.    The  committed  financing  comprises  a

$6.5  billion  term  loan,  a  $500  million  revolving  credit  facility,  and $6  billion  of

bridge financing.  Although the debt commitment letter requires Musk to assist the

lenders in marketing the debt, his failure to do so does not release the lenders from

their obligation to fund and the financing is not conditioned on the lenders’ ability

to  market  the  debt.    The lenders’ obligation  is  subject  only  to  the  closing  of  the

merger  itself and  certain  other  conditions  the  satisfaction  of  which  lies  in

defendants’ control.

57.

The margin loan of $12.5 billion to Musk personally was promised by

Morgan  Stanley  Senior  Funding,  Inc.  and  other  lenders  in  a  margin  loan

commitment letter also dated April 25, 2022.  The loan was to be secured by $62.5

billion  worth  of  Musk’s Tesla  stock — about  62  million  shares  at  the  time  of

signing.



-24-

58.

Under an equity commitment letter dated April 20, 2022, Musk also

personally  agreed  to  contribute  to  or  otherwise  provide  to  Parent  $21  billion  of

equity  capital to  be  used  to  fund  the  purchase  price.    Because  much of  his  net

worth is tied up in Tesla shares, Musk would need to sell — indeed, has already

sold — millions of those shares to fund his equity commitment.

59.

The structure  of  Musk’s  financing  meant  that  the merger  could

become significantly more expensive for him if Tesla’s stock price were to decline

(and significantly less expensive if Tesla’s stock price were to rise).  For the equity

component,  the  lower  Tesla’s  stock  price  was,  the  more  shares  of  Tesla  Musk

would  need  to  sell  to  provide  the  cash  he  committed.    For  the  margin  loans,  a

substantial  decline  in  Tesla’s  stock  price  would  require  Musk  to  pledge  more

shares or cash as collateral to the financing sources.


V.


The market turns

60.

The risk of market decline, which was Musk’s alone to bear under the

merger agreement, materialized.  Soon after signing, the U.S. capital markets took

a  turn  for  the  worse. Within  a  week  after  April  25,  2022,  the  date  the  merger

agreement was executed, Musk elected to sell 9.8 million Tesla shares to finance

the  merger  at  prices  as  low  as  $822.68  per  share,  substantially  below  their  pre-

Twitter-signing price of $1,005 per share. He then promptly Tweeted, “No further

TSLA sales planned after today.â€Â But the Tesla stock price kept dropping, putting



-25-

Musk  at  risk  of  needing  to  pledge  yet  more  Tesla  shares  to  consummate  his

proposed margin loan and to sell still more to fund his equity commitment.

61.

On May 4, 2022, Parent and Musk, faced with needing to pledge more

Tesla shares  to satisfy  the  condition that the  margin loan  not exceed 20% of  the

value of the pledged stock, decreased the amount of that loan.  On May 24, without

notifying Twitter, they dispensed with the loan entirely and agreed in a new equity

commitment letter to increase Musk’s equity commitment to $33.5 billion.  That

letter,  which  remains  operative,  gives  Twitter  third-party  beneficiary  rights  to

enforce directly against Musk his equity commitment in accordance with its terms

and the terms of the merger agreement.

62.

Musk  remains  personally  responsible  for  $33.5  billion  of  the

approximately $44 billion required to complete the transaction.


VI.


Musk grasps for an out

63.

Musk  wanted an  escape. But  the merger  agreement  left  him  little

room.  With no financing contingency or diligence condition, the agreement gave

Musk no  out absent  a  Company  Material  Adverse  Effect or  a  material  covenant

breach by Twitter. Musk had to try to conjure one of those.


A.


False or spam accounts

64.

What  Musk  alighted  upon  first  was  a  representation  in  Twitter’s

quarterly  SEC  filings  over  many  consecutive  years  that  based  on  its  internal



-26-

processes  the  company estimated  “the  average  of  false  or  spam  accountsâ€Â Â on  its

platform  “represented  fewer  than  5%  of  our  mDAU  during  the  quarter.â€

“Monetizable  Daily  Active  Usage  or  Users,â€Â or  mDAU,  is  a  non-GAAP  metric

Twitter  employs  to  measure  the  number  of  people  or  organizations  that  use the

Twitter platform. In its filings, Twitter defines mDAU as “people, organizations or

other accounts who logged in or were otherwise authenticated and accessed Twitter

on any given day through twitter.com, Twitter applications that are able to show

ads, or paid Twitter products, including subscriptions.â€

65.

In addition to deploying automated and manual processes that suspend

on  average  more  than  a  million  suspicious  accounts each  day, the  company

undertakes  a  rigorous,  daily process using  human  reviewers to  estimate spam  or

false  accounts remaining  on  its  platform after  automated filtering and  manual

review.

66.

Twitter’s SEC disclosures regarding that process and its findings are

heavily qualified.  As described in the “Note Regarding Key Metrics†section of its

filings, Twitter’s “calculation of mDAU is not based on any standardized industry

methodology,â€Â Â â€œmay  differ  from  estimates  published  by  third  parties  or  from

similarly-titled  metrics  of  our  competitors,â€Â Â and  “may  not  accurately  reflect  the

actual number of people or organizations using our platform.â€Â Â As for the estimate

of  spam  or false  accounts as  a  percentage  of  mDAU,  Twitter  explains  that  it  is



-27-

based  on  “an  internal  review  of  a  sample  of  accounts,â€Â Â involves  “significant

judgment,â€Â Â â€œmay  not  accurately  represent  the  actual number  of  [false  or  spam]

accounts,†and could be too low.  Twitter has published the same qualified estimate

— that fewer than 5% of mDAU are spam or false — for the last three years, and

published similar estimates for five years preceding that.

67.

Musk was well aware when he signed the merger agreement that spam

accounted  for  some  portion  of  Twitter’s  mDAU,  and  well  aware  of  Twitter’s

qualified disclosures.  Spam was one of the main reasons Musk cited, publicly and

privately, for wanting to buy the company.  On April 9, 2022, the day Musk said

he wanted to buy Twitter rather than join its board, he texted Taylor that “purging

fake usersâ€Â from the platform had to be done in the context of a private company

because he believed it would “make the numbers look terrible.â€Â Â At a public event

on April 14, Musk said eliminating spam bots would be a “top priorityâ€Â for him in

running Twitter.  On April 21, days before the deal was inked, he declared:



-28-

Musk echoed that same sentiment in the press release announcing the merger on

April  25,  stating that  upon  acquiring  Twitter  he  would  prioritize “defeating  the

spam bots, and authenticating all humans.â€

68.

Yet  Musk made  his  offer without  seeking any representation  from

Twitter regarding its estimates of spam or false accounts.  He even sweetened his

offer to the Twitter board by expressly withdrawing his prior diligence condition.

69.

On  May  5,  2022,  Musk  announced  that  he  had  raised  an  additional

$7.1  billion  of  equity  commitments  for  the  deal  from  19 investors  — including

$1 billion from Oracle chairman Larry Ellison, $800 million from Sequoia Capital,

$400 million from Andreessen Horowitz, and $375 million from a subsidiary of the

Qatari  sovereign  wealth  fund. Musk’s  investors,  all  sophisticated  market

participants,  made  these  commitments  in  the  face  of Musk’s  public  statements

regarding spam accounts, and knowing he had forsworn diligence. Musk made his

plans to address spam a key part of his pitch: As Andreessen Horowitz’s co-CEO

stated in publicly announcing the investment, the firm thought Musk was “perhaps

the only person in the worldâ€Â who could “fixâ€Â Twitter’s alleged “difficult issue[]â€

with “bots.â€

70.

Then,  however, as  the  market  (and  Tesla’s  stock  price)  declined,

Musk’s advisors began to demand detailed information about Twitter’s methods of

calculating mDAU and estimating the prevalence of false or spam accounts.



-29-

71.

Twitter  had  entered  into  a  confidentiality  agreement  with  Musk  to

share non-public  information  in  preparation  for  post-closing  transition,  and

convened an in-person meeting with Musk and his team on May 6, 2022.  Among

the topics of discussion were mDAU and spam-related subjects.  In advance of the

meeting,  Musk’s bankers  circulated  an  agenda with  items related to users  on the

Twitter platform, including:  “How do you estimate that fewer than 5% of mDAU

are false or spam accounts?â€Â Â Twitter’s representatives addressed that question at

the meeting, summarizing the company’s process.

72.

Following up on or about May 9, Musk’s bankers at Morgan Stanley

added  entries  to  their diligence  tracker  requesting user-related  information,

including  a  request  for  “User  database  containing  key  metrics  including,  but  not

limited to,  number of  users,  number  of verified  users,  number  of  monthly  active

users,  number  of  handles,  etc.â€Â Â Â Â Neither Musk  nor  his  advisors  said  what  had

prompted  these requests  or identified new  information  regarding  spam  or  false

accounts  that  had  come  to  light  warranting  the  inquiries.    Nothing  had  changed

about Twitter’s estimates concerning the prevalence of spam on the platform in the

days since signing. Nonetheless, in the spirit of cooperation, Twitter responded on

May  12  with  data  sets and  written  descriptions  of  its  audience  metrics  and  its

process for sampling the prevalence of false or spam accounts.

73.

Early  on  May  13,  2022,  in  advance  of a  diligence  meeting  that  had



-30-

been scheduled to discuss the data Twitter had provided, Musk Tweeted without

any advance notice to the company that the “Twitter deal [is] temporarily on holdâ€

until the company showed him proof for its estimate that less than 5% of Twitter

accounts are spam or false:

The  Reuters  story  Musk  linked  to  in  his  Tweet  was  a  report  on  Twitter’s  10-Q

filing made on May 2, 2022, and contained the same heavily qualified 5% estimate

Twitter had been disclosing in its SEC filings for the past three years.  Musk had

no  basis  for  asserting  that  the  deal  was  “on  holdâ€Â Â based  on  this  longstanding

disclosure.  Twitter’s deal counsel called Musk’s deal counsel.  Two hours after the

“on  holdâ€Â Â Tweet was  published,  Musk  belatedly  Tweeted  that  he  was  still

“committed†to the deal.



-31-

74.

Cognizant of its own obligations under the merger agreement, Twitter

proceeded with the May 13 diligence meeting, which lasted for about two hours.

During  this  session,  Twitter  explained,  among  other  things,  that its  spam

estimation  process entails  daily  sampling  for  a  total  set  of  approximately 9,000

accounts per quarter that are manually reviewed.

75.

Later  that day,  Musk Tweeted publicly  a  misrepresentation  that

Twitter’s sample size for spam estimates was just 100.



-32-

76.

The  next  day,  he  boasted publicly  that  he  had  violated  his  non-

disclosure obligations:

77.

Musk’s Tweets on May 13 and 14 violated his obligations under the

merger  agreement,  including the  provisions  prohibiting  public  comments  not

consented  to  by  Twitter,  disparagement, misuse  of  information  provided  under

Section 6.4, requiring best efforts to consummate the merger.

78.

On May 16, Agrawal Tweeted that Twitter’s 5% estimate is based on

“multiple human reviews (in replicate) for thousands of accounts, that are sampled

at  random,  consistently  over  time,  from  *accounts  we  count  as  mDAUs*.â€

He explained  that  the  company’s  human  review  process  “uses both  public  and

private data (eg, IP address, phone number, geolocation, client/browser signatures,

what  the  account  does  when  it’s  active…)  to  make  a determination on  each

accountâ€Â â€” something Twitter also explains in its SEC filings.  Agrawal stood by

Twitter’s estimate, and noted that the company is constantly updating its systems



-33-

and rules to remove as much spam as possible:

79.

Musk responded with another disparaging Tweet:



-34-

80.

As  the  market  continued  to  fall,  Musk persisted  in  his public  and

misleading attacks on Twitter’s handling and disclosure of spam or false accounts.

In another Tweet on May 15, 2022 and a statement at a technology conference on

May 16, Musk made the baseless claim that fake users might account for as much

as  90%  of  Twitter’s  users.  Asked whether  the  “Twitter  deal  [is] going  to  get

closed,â€Â Â Musk  responded  that  “it  really  depends  on  a  lot  of  factorsâ€Â Â and  posited

that  Twitter’s  estimate  that  spam  or false  accounts  comprised  fewer  than  5%  of

mDAU  might  be  “a  material  adverse  misstatementâ€Â Â if  “in  fact  it  is  four  or  five

times that number, or perhaps ten times that number.â€

81.

On May 17, 2022, Musk Tweeted, without basis or explanation, that

“20% fake/spam  accounts,  while  4  times  what  Twitter  claims,  could  be  *much*

higher,â€Â adding that “[t]his deal cannot move forwardâ€Â pending further analysis of

Twitter’s  spam  estimates.    In  yet  another  breach  of  his  non-disparagement

obligation  and  efforts  covenants,  Musk  encouraged  the  SEC  to  investigate  the

accuracy of Twitter’s disclosures:



-35-


B.


Defendants’ lawyer letters

82.

Even as Musk was violating his own contractual obligations, Twitter

continued  to  respond  cooperatively  to  his  representatives’  increasingly

unreasonable  inquiries.    Between  May  16  and  May  20,  the  company  provided

detailed written responses to several information requests.

83.

On May 20, 2022, Musk’s team sent a request for Twitter’s “firehoseâ€

data  — which  is  essentially  a  live-feed  of  data  concerning  activity  (Tweeting,

Retweeting, and “likingâ€Â Tweets, for example) associated with the public accounts

on  Twitter’s  platform.    Again,  no explanation  was  offered  for  how  this  request

furthered  a  “reasonable  business  purpose  related  to  the  consummation  of  the

transactions contemplated byâ€Â Â the  merger  agreement, as  required by  Section 6.4.

Nor  can  the  firehose  data  even  be  used  to  accurately  estimate  the  prevalence  of



-36-

spam  or  false  accounts.    As  Agrawal  had  explained  in  his  May  16  Tweets,  that

estimate depends in part on private data not available in the firehose.  Conversely,

the firehose includes Tweets that Twitter’s systems and processes catch and do not

count within mDAU for that day.

84.

On  May  21,  2022,  Twitter  hosted  a  third  diligence  session  with

Musk’s  team  and  yet  again discussed  Twitter’s  processes  for  calculating  mDAU

and estimates of spam or false accounts.  Twitter also provided a detailed summary

document  describing the  process  the  company  uses  to  estimate  spam  as  a

percentage of mDAU.

85.

Defendants responded with  increasingly  invasive  and  unreasonable

requests.  And rather than use “reasonable best efforts to minimize any disruption

to the respective business of the Company and its Subsidiaries that may result from

requests  for  access,â€Â Â Ex. 1  § 6.4,  defendants  repeatedly  demanded  immediate

responses  to  their  access  requests.    The  scope  of  the  requests  and  the  deadlines

defendants  imposed  on  their  satisfaction  were  unreasonable,  disruptive  to  the

business, and far outside the bounds of Section 6.4.

86.

Twitter nonetheless continued to work with Musk to try to respond to

the requests.    It  extended  an  ongoing  offer  to  engage  with  Musk  and  his

representatives regarding its calculation of mDAU, and held several more diligence

sessions  through  the  end  of  May.    It  also  provided  detailed  written  responses,



-37-

including custom reporting, to his escalating requests for information.

87.

On  May  25,  2022,  defendants’ counsel sent  the  first  of  a  series  of

aggressive letters copying their litigation counsel at Quinn Emmanuel.  This one

falsely asserted that  Twitter  had  “failed  to  respond  to  anyâ€Â Â of  defendants’

information requests and insisted that defendants be granted access to the firehose

data so Musk could “make an independent assessment of the prevalence of fake or

spam  accounts  on  Twitter’s  platform.â€Â Â Â Â Though  the  letter  called  Twitter’s  own

spam detection methodologies “lax,†it identified no basis for that charge.

88.

Nor, again, did defendants explain how fulfillment of the firehose data

demand  would  further  consummation  of  the  merger or  what  basis  they had  to

demand the right to “make an independent assessmentâ€Â of the prevalence of false

or  spam  accounts  on  the  platform.    Even  assuming  that  was  a  proper  purpose,

reviewing  the  full  firehose  data  would  not  result  in  an  accurate  assessment  or

mimic the rigorous process that Twitter employs by sampling accounts and using

public and private data to manually determine whether an account constitutes spam

— as Twitter’s representatives had already repeatedly explained to Musk’s team.

89.

On May 27, 2022, Twitter responded by noting its weeks-long active

engagement  with  Musk’s  team and  explaining  that  some  of  defendants’ requests

sought disclosure of highly sensitive information and data that would be difficult to

furnish and would expose Twitter to competitive harm if shared.  After all, Musk



-38-

had said he would do one of three things with Twitter: sit on its board, buy it, or

build a competitor.  He had already accepted and then rejected the first option, and

was plotting a pretextual escape from the second.  Musk’s third option — building

a competitor to Twitter — remained.  Still, Twitter again responded constructively

and  reiterated  its  commitment  to  work  with  Musk’s  team  to  provide  reasonable

access to requested information.

90.

On  May  31,  2022,  defendants lobbed  another  missive,  again  falsely

asserting  that  Twitter  had  “refusedâ€Â Â to  provide requested  data  and  that  the

company’s spam or false account detection methods were “inadequate.â€Â Â The letter

claimed Musk was willing to  implement protocols  to protect against  “damage or

competitive harm to the company.â€

91.

On June 1, 2022, Twitter responded by refuting that it had “refusedâ€

provision  of  data,  demonstrating that,  to  the  contrary,  it  had  been  working  with

Musk’s team to honor their requests within the bounds of the contract.  To help set

the  protocols  Musk  had  said  he  was  willing  to  honor,  Twitter  asked  a  series  of

questions directed at how the data would be used and by whom, and how it would

be protected.

92.

Defendants’ response on June 6, 2022 made no effort to answer those

questions  or  identify  data-protection  protocols;  instead,  it  accused  Twitter  of

breach and advanced a false narrative that Twitter had been stonewalling Musk’s



-39-

requests.  Musk publicly filed the letter, which repeated his baseless and damaging

charge that Twitter had  “laxâ€Â detection methods.   He included  none of Twitter’s

correspondence in that filing and omitted all details about the information Twitter


had

provided.    He  thus  continued  to  present  the  public  with  a  misleadingly

incomplete  narrative  about  his  communications  with  Twitter,  with  equally

misleading implications about the likelihood that the merger would be completed

and about Twitter’s operations.

93.

Steadfast  in  its  commitment  to  consummate the  merger,  Twitter

continued  to  try  to  get  Musk’s  team  what  it  demanded  while  safeguarding  its

customers’ data and harboring very real concerns about how Musk might use the

data  if  he  succeeded  in  escaping  the  deal.    On  or  about  June  9,  2022,  Musk’s

counsel indicated that granting access to 30 days’ worth of historical firehose data

would satisfy Musk’s request for the firehose data.  So, on June 15, the company

gave Musk’s team secure access to that raw data — about 49 tebibytes’ worth. It

did  so  even  though  the  merger  agreement  did  not  require  the  sharing  of  this

information.

94.

Musk’s next  lawyer  letter,  dated June  17,  2022,  skimmed  over this

massive  data  production.  Like  the  earlier  correspondence,  the  June  17  letter

described  an  alternative  reality  in  which  Twitter  had  failed  to  cooperate  in

supplying Musk with information, entirely contrary to the facts, apparently in the



-40-

belief that repeating a falsehood enough can make it true.  The letter also continued

to  move the  goal  posts  by  adding a  new  request  for  “the  sample  setâ€Â Â and

“calculationsâ€Â Twitter used to estimate that fewer than 5% of its mDAUs are false

or  spam  accounts over  the  past  eight  quarters.    Thus,  with  no  basis,  defendants

sought  to  audit  information  Twitter  consistently  had  caveated  as  an  “estimateâ€

requiring “significant judgment†to prepare.

95.

The  June  17  letter  further  contained  a  litigation-style  discovery

demand for information Musk asserted was needed to investigate “the truthfulness

of Twitter’s representations to date regarding its active user base, and the veracity

of its methodologies for determining that user base.â€Â Â It broadly demanded board

materials relating to mDAU and spam, as well as emails, text messages, and other

communications  about  those  topics — highly  unusual  requests  in  the  context  of

good faith efforts toward completion of any merger transaction, and absurd in the

context  of  this  one,  which  has  no  diligence  condition.    Musk  propounded  these

unreasonable  requests  and  touted  his  contrived  narrative  about  Twitter’s

methodologies, all without ever identifying a basis for questioning the veracity of

Twitter’s methodologies or the accuracy of its SEC disclosures.

96.

On June 20, 2022, Twitter set the record straight in a detailed response

letter.    It  noted that  the  two  sides  had  been  working  collaboratively  to  clear

regulatory  hurdles  and  “address voluminous  data  requestsâ€Â Â from  defendants,  that



-41-

Twitter had “dedicated significant resources†to providing defendants with the data

requested,  and  that  Twitter  had  already  provided  a  wealth  of  data  sweeping  far

beyond the bounds of what might conceivably be deemed reasonably necessary to

consummate the transaction.  Twitter noted that Musk, while continuing to accuse

Twitter  of  misrepresenting  its  spam  or false  account  estimate,  had  offered  not  a

single  fact  to  support  the  accusation.    And  Twitter  observed  that  defendants’

“increasingly  irrelevant,  unsupportable,  and  voluminous  information  requestsâ€

appeared directed not at consummating the merger but rather the opposite: trying

to avoid the merger.

97.

Nonetheless,  in  a  continuing effort  at  cooperation, Twitter  agreed  to

provide  Musk everything  he now  demanded  regarding  the  firehose,  including

access to “100% of Tweets and favoriting activity.† Twitter cautioned, as it had so

many  times before,  that this  data would not  allow  Musk  to  accurately assess the

number  of  spam  or  false  accounts.    But  on  June  21,  2022,  it  gave  defendants’

counsel the demanded access.

98.

Meanwhile, Agrawal and Twitter CFO Ned Segal had been trying to

set  up  a  meeting  with  Musk  to discuss  the  company’s  process  in  estimating  the

prevalence  of  spam  or  false  accounts.    On  June  17,  2022,  Segal  proposed  a

discussion  with  Musk  and  his  team  to “cover  spam  as  a  %  of  DAU.â€Â Â Â Â Musk

responded that he had a conflict at the proposed time.  When Agrawal sought to



-42-

reengage on the matter, Musk agreed to a time on June 21, but then bowed out and

asked  Agrawal  and  Segal  to  speak  with  his team  not  about  the  spam  estimation

process but “the pro forma financials for the debt.â€

99.

On  June  29,  2022,  Musk complained through  counsel that  Twitter

purportedly  had  “placed  an  artificial  cap  on  the  number  of  searchesâ€Â Â Musk’s

experts could run on the firehose data, and had failed to respond to certain of the

new requests made on June 17.  (False again, as explained below.)  The June 29

letter notably did not take issue with Twitter’s refusal to provide responses to the

discovery-like requests for emails, text messages, and other communications in the

June 17 letter.  But it contained a slew of new demands — several asking Twitter

to create more custom reporting.

100. On July 1, 2022, Twitter pointed out just how far beyond the scope of

Section  6.4  defendants’ requests  had  strayed.    Nonetheless,  Twitter noted  that  it

was providing  yet  more information  in  response  to  recent  requests  and  would

continue to devote the “time and considerable resourcesâ€Â necessary to respond to

outstanding  requests.    Twitter  also  explained  that  it  had  placed  “no  artificial

throttling  of  rate  limits.â€Â Â Â Â In  follow-up  correspondence,  it  became  clear  that  the

“limitâ€Â Musk had bumped up against was not the result of throttling but a default

100,000-per-month limit on the number of

queries

that could be conducted.  With

his undisclosed team of data reviewers working behind the scenes, Musk had hit



-43-

that limit within about two weeks.  Twitter immediately agreed to, and did, raise

the monthly search query limit one hundred-fold, to 10 million — more than 100

times what most paying Twitter customers would get.

101. From  the  outset of  this  extraordinary  post-signing  information

exchange  process,  Musk  accused  Twitter  of  “laxâ€Â Â methodologies  for  calculating

spam or false accounts.  Knowing that his actions risked harm to Twitter and its

stockholders,  wreaked  havoc  on  the  trading  price  of  Twitter’s  stock,  and  could

have  serious  consequences  for  the  deal,  Musk leveled  serious  charges,  both

publicly  and  through  lawyer  letters,  that  Twitter  had  misled  its  investors  and

customers.    But  Musk  exhibited little interest  in understanding  Twitter’s  process

for estimating spam accounts that went into the company’s disclosures.  Indeed, in

a  June  30  conversation  with  Segal,  Musk  acknowledged he  had  not read  the

detailed  summary  of  Twitter’s  sampling  process  provided  back  in  May.    Once

again, Segal offered to spend time with Musk and review the detailed summary of

Twitter’s  sampling  process  as  the  Twitter  team  had  done  with  Musk’s  advisors.

That meeting never occurred despite multiple attempts by Twitter.

102. From  the  outset,  defendants’ information  requests  were  designed  to

try to tank the deal.  Musk’s increasingly outlandish requests reflect not a genuine

examination of Twitter’s processes but a litigation-driven campaign to try to create

a record of non-cooperation on Twitter’s part. When Twitter nonetheless bent over



-44-

backwards to address the increasingly burdensome requests, Musk resorted to false

assertions that it had not.


C.


Financial information

103. In seeking to manufacture a record of covenant breach, Musk seized

not  just  on  Section  6.4  but  also  on  Section  6.11,  which  obligates  Twitter  to

reasonably cooperate with Parent to facilitate arrangement of debt financing.

104. Throughout  the  post-signing  period,  Twitter’s  advisors  had  been

working with Musk’s representatives to furnish them relevant financial information

about the company.  These discussions had been productive under the supervision

on Musk’s side of Bob Swan, a respected Silicon Valley financial professional and

former CEO of Intel Corporation.  Swan had been in regular contact with Segal,

and  had  been  leading  defendants’ purported  effort  to  consummate  the  debt

financing.

105. Then,  in  his  June  17  lawyer  letter,  Musk demanded  a  collection  of

financial information he claimed was necessary to “better understand the state of

Twitter’s  business  and  outlook,  which  is  related  to  his  acquisition  plans  and  his

financing  for  the  transaction.â€Â Â Â Â He  demanded  a  “working,  bottoms-up  financial

model for 2022,†budget plans with underlying modeling, and a “working copy†of

Goldman Sachs’s “valuation model underlying its fairness opinion.â€Â This demand

is extremely unusual in merger transactions, and neither in conveying the demand



-45-

nor  at  any  time  since  have  defendants  pointed  to  a  request  from  any  lender  that

would justify it.  Notably, Musk’s debt financing commitments are not conditioned

on receipt of any financial information about Twitter other than that contained in

its quarterly SEC filings. Ex. 2 § 1, E-2 (Ex. E) § 6.

106. Around the same time as the request, on June 21, 2022, Musk falsely

represented in a Bloomberg interview that an item requiring resolution “before the

transaction can completeâ€Â is “will the debt portion of the round come together?â€

As  Musk  well  knew,  financing  expressly  is

not

a  condition  to  closing  under  the

agreement.

107. Still,  intent  on  facilitating  the  merger’s  consummation,  Twitter

provided Musk  with  significant  supporting  detail  for  its  proxy  case projections,

shared  some  of  its  financial  plans, and  gave him  a  copy  of  its  bankers’ final

presentation to Twitter’s board.


VII. Defendants materially breach their obligations to work toward closing


and refrain from unreasonable withholding of consent to operational

changes

108. Consummating  a  merger  agreement  involves  substantial  effort  and

requires  a  serious  deployment  of  resources by  the  seller.    Defendants thus  are

subject to contractual obligations requiring them to take actions necessary to close

and to allow Twitter to operate as efficiently as possible in the interim.  Defendants



-46-

violated two important obligations of this kind: the duty to work toward finalizing

the financing for the closing and the obligation to consider consents reasonably.


A.


Defendants abandon financing-related efforts and breach

Section 6.10(d)

109. Musk’s  distortive  public  statements  about  the  deal,  and  his

increasingly  aggressive  information  demands  through  counsel,  raised  Twitter’s

suspicion  that  he was  secretly  abandoning  efforts to  finalize the  committed debt

financing in time for a prompt closing.  Section 6.10 requires defendants to take all

steps necessary to secure the already-committed financing for the closing.

110. Twitter’s  concern deepened when,  on  June  23,  2022,  Musk  texted

Twitter  management  to  say  that  he  had  asked  Swan “to  depart  the  deal

proceedings, as we are not on the same wavelength.â€Â Â At the same time, Musk said

he was “trying to prepare the cash flow projections necessary to secure the debt,â€

and  asked for  Twitter’s  “cash  flow  projections  over  the  next  three  yearsâ€Â Â and  a

comparison of historical projections to actuals — to assist “debt issuersâ€Â who “are

much  more  conservative  than  equity  investors.â€Â Â Â Â Customarily,  projections  are

needed well in advance of closing and before approaching ratings agencies, which

is a key first step in consummating debt financing.  They are the buyer’s, not the

seller’s, responsibility.

See

Ex. 1 § 6.11.

111. Over the ensuing days, Twitter’s repeated requests for a contact in lieu

of Swan generated no response. Outreach by Goldman Sachs and J.P. Morgan to



-47-

Morgan Stanley likewise was met with silence.

112. Faced  with  this  uncertainty  and  with  Musk’s  insinuations  about  his

lenders, on June 28 and again on July 6, Twitter exercised its rights under Section

6.10(d) of the merger agreement  to formally seek information about the status of

Musk’s financing.

113. Defendants still have provided no substantive response. Instead, the

day after the first of these requests, Musk warned Agrawal and Segal to back off:

114. On  June  30, 2022,  Musk  informed  Segal that  replacement  team

member (and long-time Musk confidant) Antonio Gracias would be taking over the

financing effort that Swan had helmed.  But Gracias never appeared.


B.


Musk delays and stymies key operational decisions

115. Since signing, Twitter has complied in all respects with its obligation

under Section 6.1 of the merger agreement to operate the business in the ordinary

course.  In an excess of caution, the company has sought Musk’s consent even for

matters falling well within the zone of commercial reasonableness.  Though Musk

has approved some of Twitter’s requests, he has been slow to respond to ones that



-48-

required urgency and has unreasonably withheld his consent to others, in breach of

his own obligations under Section 6.1.

116. Most  notably,  Musk  has  unreasonably  withheld  consent  to  two

employee retention programs designed to keep selected top talent during a period

of intense uncertainty generated in large part by Musk’s erratic conduct and public

disparagement of the company and its personnel.

117. During  negotiation  of  the  merger  agreement,  Twitter had sought

Musk’s consent to a broad retention plan.  Musk’s team deferred decision on the

matter; the plan Twitter proposed was detailed, and time for negotiation was short.

But Musk indicated he was open to further discussion.

118. During  a  May  6,  2022  post-signing  diligence  session,  Twitter

management  again  broached  the  subject of  retention,  and  Musk  was  non-

committal.    He  suggested  the  matter  be  tabled  pending  further  clarity  on  the

expected interval before closing the deal.

119. Over  the  weeks  that  followed,  Swan discussed  with  Twitter

management a narrower retention plan than the one that had been discussed during

the merger agreement negotiations.  Consistent with those discussions, on June 20,

2022,  Twitter sent  defendants a  formal  request  for  consent  to two  tailored

employee  retention  programs  that  had  been  vetted  by  the  board  and  its

compensation  committee  with  the  assistance  of  an  outside  compensation



-49-

consultant.

120. Musk initially failed to respond at all to the June 20 consent request.

(It would soon become clear that he had fired Swan.) After a follow-up request for

consent, Musk’s counsel stated tersely that “Elon is not supportive of this program

and  has  declined  to  grant  consent  for  it.â€Â Â Â Â Twitter  offered  to  arrange  a  meeting

between Musk and Lane Fox to explain the importance and utility of the proposed

programs.    Musk’s  counsel  repeated  that  Musk  “doesn’t  believe  a  retention

program is warranted in the current environment,â€Â and said Musk was unwilling to

consider  the  advice  of  compensation  consultants,  but  left  open  the  possibility  of

speaking with Lane Fox.

121. On  June  28,  2022,  following  further  stonewalling  from  Musk’s

counsel, Twitter  urged  that  a  discussion  would  be  fruitful.    After  initially

suggesting Musk might be “amenable to a call next week,†Musk’s counsel replied,

“Elon already gave his response but I’ll remind him of Martha’s request for a call.â€

The call never happened — Musk has continued to duck it — and neither retention

program has been implemented due to defendants’ unexplained and unreasonable

withholding of consent.  Employee attrition, meanwhile, has been on the upswing

since the signing of the merger agreement.

122. Defendants have unreasonably withheld consent in other domains as

well.    On  June  14,  2022,  Twitter  sought  consent  to  terminate  Twitter’s  existing



-50-

revolving  credit  facility,  noting  that  no  amounts  were  presently  drawn  under  the

facility  and  that  the  facility  would  have  to  be  terminated  in  connection  with  the

merger’s consummation.  Maintaining the facility requires Twitter to incur ongoing

monthly costs.  After initially saying he would consent to the termination, Musk

withdrew it the next day without explanation.


VIII. Defendants purport to terminate the merger agreement

123. On  July  8,  2022,  defendants’ counsel  sent  a  letter  to  Twitter

purporting to terminate the merger agreement.

124. The notice alleges three grounds for termination: (i) purported breach

of  the  information-sharing  and  cooperation  covenants contained  in  Sections  6.4

and  6.11;  (ii)  supposed  “materially  inaccurate  representationsâ€Â Â incorporated  by

reference  in  the  merger  agreement that  allegedly  are  “reasonably  likely  to  result

inâ€Â a Company Material Adverse Effect; and (iii) purported failure to comply with

the  ordinary  course  covenant by  terminating certain  employees,  slowing hiring,

and failing to retain key personnel.  Ex. 3.

125. These accusations are pretextual and have no merit.


A.


Twitter has not breached its information-sharing or

cooperation covenants

126. Twitter has  provided  defendants  far more  information  than  they  are

entitled to under the merger agreement.  Section 6.4 serves the narrow purpose of

giving Parent reasonable access to information necessary to close the merger.  It



-51-

does not give defendants a broad right to conduct post-signing due diligence of a

kind they specifically forswore pre-signing.  Much less does it give Musk the right

to hunt for evidence supporting a bogus misrepresentation theory developed to try

to torpedo the deal.

127. In  any  event,  Twitter  has  bent  over  backwards to  provide  Musk  the

information he has requested, including, most notably, the full “firehoseâ€Â data set

that  he  has  been  mining  for  weeks  — and  has  been  continuing  to  mine  since

purporting  to  terminate  — with  the  assistance  of undisclosed data  reviewers.

Twitter  has  also  spent  weeks  and  dedicated  considerable  resources  to  compiling

information responsive to Musk’s numerous other requests for custom reporting of

user data.  Musk and his representatives have received extensive data underlying

Twitter’s process for estimating false or spam accounts as a percentage of mDAU,

including the granular monthly reporting identifying each of the sampled accounts

by “user idâ€Â and the determination as to whether the account was false or spam,

along with the calculations supporting Twitter’s estimates, going back to January

1, 2021.

128. In  their  termination  notice,  defendants  list  categories  of  information

they  claim  Twitter  has  withheld.    Most  of  this information  does  not  exist,  has

already been provided, or is the subject of requests only made recently, in response

to  which  Twitter  had  been  yet  again  compiling  responsive  information  when  it



-52-

received the termination notice.  All of this information sweeps far beyond what is

reasonably necessary to close the merger.  Defendants also complain about rate and

query limits initially accompanying the firehose data.  But those limits were part of

the customary commercial terms defendants initially requested, and, as defendants

acknowledge,  Twitter  increased the  limits immediately  upon  request before  the

purported termination.

129. As  to  Twitter’s  cooperation obligation  under Section  6.11,  the

company has again gone well beyond what is required.  The point of this provision

is  to  assist  Parent  in  furnishing  the  lenders and  underwriters with  information  to

facilitate syndication of the already-committed financing.  Twitter is not obligated

to provide financial information not already in existence, or to provide copies of its

bankers’ valuation models, which are outside the company’s control. Parent, not

Twitter, is responsible for providing the “prospects, projections and plans for the

business and operations of†the company.  Ex. 1 § 6.11.

130. Even so, in response to the request defendants lodged for the first time

on  June  17,  Twitter  made  the  extraordinary  ask  of  its  bankers to  give  Musk  the

final board deck they presented in connection with the merger.  It furnished Musk

with  other  financial  information  he  requested.    It  did  so  even  though  Musk  has

cited no demand from any lender — and no reason related to any obligation under

any  relevant  contract — that  would  support  these  requests.  There  has  been  no



-53-

breach,  and  there  would  be  none  even  if  the  state  of  Twitter’s  cooperation

remained the same at the end of the cure period.


B.


Twitter’s representations in its SEC filings supply no basis

for termination

131. Nor can defendants show that Twitter has made any representation or

collection of representations the inaccuracy of which is “reasonably likely to result

inâ€Â a Company Material Adverse Effect. They do not even try.  Notwithstanding

that  defendants  have received  mountains  of  information  regarding  Twitter’s

processes, far beyond what they are entitled to under the merger agreement, their

termination  notice  asserts only  that  “[p]reliminary  analysis  by  Mr.  Musk’s

advisorsâ€Â of the vast data set Twitter provided to Musk after signing “causes Mr.

Musk to strongly believe†Twitter’s reported estimates have been inaccurate.  Ex. 3

at 6.  Musk’s claimed “belie[f]â€Â is of course no proof of misrepresentation, much

less of a Company Material Adverse Effect — which can be established only by

clearing an extraordinarily high bar that is nowhere in sight here.


C.


Twitter did not breach the ordinary course covenant

132. Having unreasonably withheld consent to programs designed to retain

key personnel, Musk now claims that Twitter breached Section 6.1 by terminating

some employees and failing to retain others who wished to leave.  Like the others,

this claim is meritless and contrived.



-54-

133. While erring on the side of seeking consent, Twitter has continued to

operate in the ordinary course respecting routine management decisions, including

decisions  concerning  termination  and  hiring  of  individual  employees.    In  early

May, Twitter let go of two executives and announced it would be “pausing most

hiring and backfillsâ€Â as positions became vacant.  Musk’s counsel was notified of

those decisions at the time and raised no objection.

134. Consistent  with  its  hiring  slowdown,  Twitter  announced  on  July  7,

2022 that it was reducing its recruiting staff — a small segment of Twitter’s total

employee base — by about 30%.

135. These decisions aligned with Musk’s own stated priorities.  Days after

signing, on April 28, 2022, Musk texted Twitter’s board chair to say his “biggest

concern  is  headcount  and  expense  growth.â€Â Â Â Â In  a  meeting  with  Twitter

management on May 6, 2022, Musk again asserted that the company’s headcount

was  high  and  encouraged  management  to  consider  ways  to  cut  costs.    Musk

repeated  these  themes  in  conversations  with  Agrawal  and  Segal throughout  May

and  June.    On  June  16,  Musk  held  a  virtual  meeting  with  Twitter  employees.

Asked  what  he  was  “thinking  about  layoffs  at  Twitter,â€Â Â Musk  responded  that

“costs  exceed  the  revenue,â€Â Â â€œso  there  would  have  to  be  some  rationalization  of

headcount and expenses.â€Â Â In his final conversation with Segal before purporting to

terminate,  Musk  expressed  his  concern  about  Twitter’s  expenses  and  asked  why



-55-

Twitter  was  not  considering  more  aggressive  cost  cutting.    And, as  noted, Musk

has  refused  to  approve — or  even  discuss  — Twitter’s  proposed  retention

programs for key employees.

136. Twitter  specifically  negotiated  for  the  right  to  terminate  employees,

including  executives,  without  first  having  to  obtain  Musk’s  consent.    Musk  had

notice back in early May of many of the actions about which he now complains for

the  first  time.    He  did  not  object  then  or  at  any  point  prior  to  his  purported

termination notice on July 8, because there was no violation.


D.


Having materially breached the merger agreement,

defendants are contractually barred from terminating

137. The  merger  agreement  provides  that  if  defendants  are  in  material

breach of their own obligations under the merger agreement, they cannot exercise

any termination right they might otherwise have.  Ex. 1 § 8.1(d)(i).

138. As set forth above, defendants materially breached their obligation to

use  their  reasonable  best  efforts  to  complete  the  merger,

id.

§ 6.3(a),  materially

breached the hell-or-high-water covenant requiring them to do all things necessary

to  consummate  and  finalize financing,

id.

§ 6.10(a),  materially  breached  their

obligation  to  provide  Twitter  with  information  regarding  the  status  of  debt

financing,

id.

§ 6.10(d),  materially  breached  their  obligation  to  refrain  from

unreasonably  withholding  consent  to  operational  decisions,

id.

§ 6.1,  materially

breached  their  obligations to  seek  Twitter  consent  to  public  comments  about  the



-56-

deal  and  refrain  from disparaging the  company  or  its  representatives in  Tweets

about the merger,

id.

§ 6.8, and materially breached their obligation not to misuse

confidential information,

id.

§ 6.4.  They therefore cannot terminate the agreement

even assuming they otherwise had such a right.


IX.


After purporting to terminate, Musk keeps violating and confirms his

earlier violations

139. After purporting to terminate the deal, Musk continued to make public

statements  disparaging  Twitter  and  confirming  the  pretextual  nature  of  his  post-

signing conduct.

140. In the early morning of July 11 (Eastern time), Musk posted Tweets

implying  that  his  data  requests  were  never intended  to  make  progress  toward

consummating  the  merger,  but  rather  were  part  of  a  plan  to  force  litigation  in

which Twitter’s information would be publicly disclosed:



-57-

141. For  Musk,  it  would  seem,  Twitter,  the  interests  of  its stockholders,

the transaction Musk agreed to, and the court process to enforce it all constitute an

elaborate joke.

142. Musk  also,  once  again,  publicly  called  for  the  SEC  to  investigate

Twitter’s disclosures regarding false and spam accounts:



-58-

143. Musk’s conduct simply confirms that he wants to escape the binding

contract he freely signed, and to damage Twitter in the process.


X.


Twitter faces irreparable harm absent relief

144. Because  of  defendants’ breaches and  the  uncertainty  they  have

generated,  Twitter  faces irreparable  harm.    Defendants  stipulated  in  the  merger

agreement  that  “irreparable  damage  for  which  monetary  damages,  even  if

available,  would  not  be  an  adequate  remedy  would  occur  in  the  event  that  the

parties hereto do not perform the provisions of this Agreement (including failing to

take such actions as are required of it hereunder to consummate this Agreement) in

accordance with  its specified terms  or  otherwise breach such provisions.â€Â Â Â Ex. 1

§ 9.9(a).

145. The  expected  closing  date  for  the  merger  is  fast  approaching.    The

lone remaining application for regulatory approval is under consideration and the



-59-

parties  have  received  no  indication  of  any  obstacle  on  that  front.    Twitter  is

prepared to schedule a stockholder vote immediately upon clearance by the SEC of

its proxy statement, as early as mid-August.  Defendants must close “no later thanâ€

two business days after satisfaction of the closing conditions.

Id.

§ 2.2.

146. Defendants’  actions  in  derogation  of  the  deal’s  consummation,  and

Musk’s repeated disparagement of Twitter and its personnel, create uncertainty and

delay that harm Twitter and its stockholders and deprive them of their bargained-

for rights.  They also expose Twitter to adverse effects on its business operations,

employees, and stock price.

147. Swift  remedial  action  in  the  form  of  specific  performance  and

injunctive relief is warranted.



-60-


CAUSE OF ACTION


(Breach of Contract — Specific Performance & Injunction)

148. Twitter repeats and incorporates by reference the allegations above.

149. The merger agreement is a valid and enforceable contract.

150. Twitter  has  fully  performed  all  of  its  obligations  under  the  merger

agreement to date, and is ready, willing, and able to continue so performing.

151. Defendants  have  breached  the  merger  agreement  by,  among  other

things, violating Sections 6.1, 6.3, 6.4, 6.8, and 6.10.

152. In Section 9.9(a), each of the parties agreed that, without posting bond

or other undertaking, the other parties “shall be entitled to an injunction, specific

performance and other equitable relief to prevent breaches of this Agreement and

to  enforce  specifically  the  terms  and  provisions  hereof,  in  addition  to  any  other

remedy to which they are entitled at law or in equity.â€

153. In Section 9.9(b), the parties expressly “acknowledged and agreed that

the Company shall be entitled to specific performance or other equitable remedy to

enforce  Parent  and  Acquisition  Sub’s  obligations  to  cause  the  Equity  Investor  to

fund the Equity Financing, or to enforce the Equity Investor’s obligation to fund

the Equity Financing directly, and to consummate the Closingâ€Â if three conditions

are  met: (i) all of the  conditions set forth in  Section 7.1  and  Section 7.2 have or

will be satisfied at the closing; (ii) the debt financing has been funded or will be

funded at the closing if the equity financing is funded; and (iii) the company has



-61-

confirmed that the closing will occur.

154. All  of  the  conditions  set  forth  in  Sections  7.1  and  7.2  have  been

satisfied or waived, or are expected to be satisfied or waived at the closing, and the

closing  will  occur  if  the  debt  and  equity  financing  are  funded,  which  funding  is

solely within the control of defendants.

155. Twitter has suffered and will continue to suffer irreparable harm as a

result of defendants’ breaches.


PRAYER FOR RELIEF


WHEREFORE

, Twitter respectfully requests that the Court enter judgment

and relief against defendants, as follows:

A.

Granting all relief requested in this complaint to the extent permitted

under the merger agreement;

B.

Ordering  defendants  to  specifically  perform  their  obligations  under

the merger agreement and consummate the closing in accordance with

the terms of the merger agreement; and

C.

Granting such injunctive relief as is necessary to enforce the decree of

specific performance.



-62-

OF COUNSEL:

William Savitt

Bradley R. Wilson

Sarah K. Eddy

Ryan A. McLeod (No. 5038)

Anitha Reddy

WACHTELL, LIPTON,

ROSEN & KATZ

51 West 52nd Street

New York, NY  10019

(212) 403-1000

Brad D. Sorrels (No. 5233)

WILSON SONSINI GOODRICH &

ROSATI, P.C.

222 Delaware Avenue, Suite 800

Wilmington, DE  19801

(302) 304-7600

Dated:  July 12, 2022

POTTER ANDERSON & CORROON LLP

By:

/s/ Peter J. Walsh, Jr.

Peter J. Walsh, Jr. (No. 2437)

Kevin R. Shannon (No. 3137)

Christopher N. Kelly (No. 5717)

Mathew A. Golden (No. 6035)

1313 North Market Street

Hercules Plaza, 6th Floor

Wilmington, DE  19801

(302) 984-6000


Attorneys for Plaintiff Twitter, Inc.




PDF Form Of Complaint